Instead, the external (Nde1, Nde2) and internal (Ndi1) membrane-associated NADH dehydrogenases catalyze the same NADH-oxidation:Q reduction reaction as complex I. (A) Complex I of mammalian mitochondria is not present in S.
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(1) The free energy that is stored in this electrochemical gradient is typically in the order ∼0.2 eV, (2,3) and it is used for production of ATP from ADP by the ATP synthase (also known as F 1F o-ATP-synthase and sometimes referred to as complex V) or for transport of molecules or ions across the membrane. As a result of this process, a difference in voltage and proton concentration is maintained across the membrane, referred to as an electrochemical proton gradient or protonmotive force (PMF). The electron current through the respiratory chain drives proton translocation across the membrane, from the inside mitochondrial matrix (negative side, n) to the outside intermembrane space (positive side, p) ( Figure 1A). These enzymes are collectively referred to as the respiratory chain because they are wired to transfer electrons consecutively from low-potential electron donors, via a number of intermediate electron carriers, to the final, high-potential electron acceptor, O 2. Electrons from NADH are transferred through a number of enzymes that reside in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In eukaryotes, these compounds are initially degraded to yield NADH, which is used to reduce molecular oxygen to water.
Aerobic organisms extract energy by linking oxidation of environmental compounds to production of ATP.
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